The application of HIS mouse models

His mice have paved the way for advances in personalized medicine and the translation of immune-based therapies. Human PBMC-engrafted mice have provided fundamental insights in studies of autoimmune disease, treatment-related cytokine release syndrome, and adaptive immunity. Human CD34+ mice have been widely used for translational studies of antibody-based immune therapies. In addition, the BLT mice, which exhibit HLA-educated T cells and antigen-specific T cells, are very valuable in studies of human-specific infectious diseases, mucosal immunity, and vaccine development. The potential applications of HIS mice are summarized in below.